pl. 真菌, 突然发生而迅速生长的东西

[医] 真菌, 霉菌, 蕈, 海绵肿

[ noun ]
the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants
<noun.plant>

Fungi \Fun"gi\ (f[u^]n"j[imac]), n. pl.; sing. {fungus}. (Biol.)
A group of thallophytic plant-like organisms of low
organization, destitute of chlorophyll, in which reproduction
is mainly accomplished by means of asexual spores, which are
produced in a great variety of ways, though sexual
reproduction is known to occur in certain {Phycomycetes}, or
so-called algal fungi. They include the molds, mildews,
rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, and the
allies of each. In the two-kingdom classification system they
were classed with the plants, but in the modern five-kingdom
classification, they are not classed as plants, but are
classed in their own separate kingdom fungi, which includes
the phyla Zygomycota (including simple fungi such as bread
molds), Ascomycota (including the yeasts), Basidiomycota
(including the mushrooms, smuts, and rusts), and
Deuteromycota (the {fungi imperfecti}). Some of the forms,
such as the yeasts, appear as single-celled microorganisms,
but all of the fungi are are eukaryotic, thus distinguishing
them from the prokaryotic microorganisms of the kingdon
Monera.
[Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC]

Note: The Fungi appear to have originated by degeneration
from various alg[ae], losing their chlorophyll on
assuming a parasitic or saprophytic life. In an earlier
classification they were divided into the subclasses
{Phycomycetes}, the lower or algal fungi; the
{Mesomycetes}, or intermediate fungi; and the
{Mycomycetes}, or the higher fungi; by others into the
{Phycomycetes}; the {Ascomycetes}, or sac-spore fungi;
and the {Basidiomycetes}, or basidial-spore fungi.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]


Fungus \Fun"gus\, n.; pl. L. {Fungi}, E. {Funguses}. [L., a
mushroom; perh. akin to a doubtful Gr. ? sponge, for ?; if
so, cf. E. sponge.]
1. (Bot.) Any one of the {Fungi}, a large and very complex
group of thallophytes of low organization, -- the molds,
mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls,
and the allies of each. See {fungi}.

Note: The fungi are all destitute of chorophyll, and,
therefore, to be supplied with elaborated nourishment,
must live as saprophytes or parasites. They range in
size from single microscopic cells to systems of
entangled threads many feet in extent, which develop
reproductive bodies as large as a man's head. The
vegetative system consists of septate or rarely
unseptate filaments called hyph[ae]; the aggregation of
hyph[ae] into structures of more or less definite form
is known as the mycelium. See {Fungi}, in the
Supplement.

2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in animal
bodies, as the proud flesh of wounds. --Hoblyn.


Cryptogamia \Cryp`to*ga"mi*a\ (kr?p`t?-g?"m?-?), n.; pl.
{Cryptogami[ae]} (-?). [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden, secret
+ ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.)
The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never
having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of
various kinds.

Note: The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The
following arrangement recognizes four classes: -- I.
{{Pteridophyta}, or {Vascular Acrogens}.} These include
Ferns, {Equiseta} or Scouring rushes, {Lycopodiace[ae]}
or Club mosses, {Selaginelle[ae]}, and several other
smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal
plants called {Lepidodendron}, {Sigillaria}, and
{Calamites}. II. {{Bryophita}, or {Cellular Acrogens}}.
These include {Musci}, or Mosses, {Hepatic[ae]}, or
Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly
{Charace[ae]}, the Stoneworts. III. {{Alg[ae]}}, which
are divided into {Floride[ae]}, the Red Seaweeds, and
the orders {Dictyote[ae]}, {O["o]spore[ae]},
{Zo["o]spore[ae]}, {Conjugat[ae]}, {Diatomace[ae]}, and
{Cryptophyce[ae]}. IV. {{Fungi}}. The molds, mildews,
mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped
into several subclasses and many orders. The {Lichenes}
or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature,
each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga.