a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body
<noun.object> renal calculi can be very painful
an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums
<noun.object>
the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
<noun.cognition>
Mathematics \Math`e*mat"ics\, n. [F. math['e]matiques, pl., L. mathematica, sing., Gr. ? (sc. ?) science. See {Mathematic}, and {-ics}.] That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations.
Note: Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1. {Arithmetic}. 2. {Geometry}, including {Trigonometry} and {Conic Sections}. 3. {Analysis}, in which letters are used, including {Algebra}, {Analytical Geometry}, and {Calculus}. Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations.
Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. {Calculi}. [L, calculus. See {Calculate}, and {Calcule}.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation.
{Barycentric calculus}, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
{Calculus of functions}, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions.
{Calculus of operations}, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions.
{Calculus of probabilities}, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance.
{Calculus of variations}, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change.
{Differential calculus}, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
{Exponential calculus}, that part of algebra which treats of exponents.
{Imaginary calculus}, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
{Integral calculus}, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.
The movie shows how Escalante cajoled a rambunctious group of teens from an East Los Angeles barrio into taking calculus, only to have the Educational Testing Service suspect they cheated when they passed the Advanced Placement test en masse in 1982.
This year, a record 160 Garfield students are expected to take the test, and Escalante has set his sights on attracting even more students to calculus classes in the 10 more years he plans to continue teaching.
There were, however, students, and Escalante began to teach them calculus.
The Congress would not let us do that." EDITOR'S NOTE _ Once upon a time, wizardry at an early age was apt to get channelized into such nerdy outlets as violin lessons or differential calculus on a slide rule.
And he criticized fellow military men at the National Security Council for trying to "keep dissent out of the decision-making calculus."
They can kill me, but they can't kill all of us." This grim calculus gradually led him away from his radical faction.
The result is pernicious for Republican growth: Cold political calculus argues that courting black votes in primaries is a waste of resources; but that makes appeals in the general election ring hollow.
Many students take calculus there, too.
The Brady report seems to have been unduly influenced by this political calculus, judging by the report's excessively harsh verdict against program trading.
By the same calculus, Japanese prices for all chips now average 63% of the cartel's target prices.
"Stand and Deliver" (1988): Edward James Olmos was nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal of Jaime Escalante, who led his inner city math students to victory with the Advanced Placement test in calculus.
Gadomski teaches Penn State University's "Introduction to Television Meteorology," where seniors who who have weathered courses in topics such as atmospheric dynamics and calculus learn to mix show business with science.
Last year, scores made by Garfield students taking the Advanced Placement calculus test placed Garfield second in the nation out of the 4,197 schools with students taking the tough exam, said Janice Gams with the Educational Testing Service.
In Europe, the French are pushing through a modernization of their own nuclear forces, which will become more significant in the military calculus once the other missiles are removed.
The calculus for maximizing net collective safety is not self-evident and must be the object of a complex "search."
Home Tutor It's calculus and third-year French From which I need reprieve; Here we need a homework law That gives parental leave.
One 90-second spot to be appended to the videocassette version of "Stand and Deliver" has Olmos explaining that while Escalante taught calculus to students in Los Angeles' barrio, the real lesson he taught was one of perseverance and courage.
In 1912, however, a mathematician friend, Marcel Grossman, introduced him to tensor calculus.
This is especially unfortunate considering how greatly the political calculus of black votes changes in determining the outcomes of general elections.
The calculus of owls vs. jobs mystifies and infuriates the people of Forks.
On a recent weekday, the teen-ager sat at a table in the enclosed patio of a family friend's home, studying calculus and listening to Spanish pop music.
I know no sensible calculus of evil.
The 59-year-old calculus instructor decided to remain for another two years after receiving more than 500 letters and telephone calls from former students and supporters.